Argumentative Essay Topics about Fields of Medicine: the Ultimate Convenience!

Argumentative Essay Topics about Fields of Medicine: the Ultimate Convenience! The previous tip is to adhere to the principal topic. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. The list of ideas is supplied below. Finding prompts is not in any respect tough. If you believe that you'll hardly succeed making your own topic, consider looking for good ideas online, at resources that provide useful guidelines on effective essay writing strategies. Selecting an effortless topic may prove to be an incorrect track because you may have difficulties finding credible sources to support your views. By obeying the above-given ideas you will readily attain an impactful argumentative essay. So, you're assured of superior help in writing your essay. Our essay services will guarantee that you compose a fantastic scholarship essay. Essay writing companies make it way uncomplicated. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you first have to think about what it is that you are likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't difficult to discover. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Essay writing is about organising your ideas in a presentable method. Want to Know More About Argumentative Essay Topics about Fields of Medicine? The introduction should offer general information which will be included in the short article. When you've got a completed outline, you'll have a step-by-step guide that it is possible to follow until you're done writing. Your thesis ought to be relevant so the report can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will allow you to select your own. Finding the Best Argumentative Essay Topics about Fields of Medicine The essay should force you to look like a legitimate expert, who can view the make a difference from various angles and discover the benefits and flaws in it. To attain that impression, you will need to perform powerful research and develop a thesis statement. A conclusion is, without a doubt, the main portion of the argumentative essay as possible either support the fantastic impression or destroy it entirely. It gives the overall verdict of the argument. The Debate Over Argumentative Essay Topics about Fields of Medicine If required, write down the very first sentences of all of the books that you've read. Quite frequently, college essay topics prove to be more challenging than students expected, therefore it may be reasonable to request assistance. Social networking is a significant part of several people's lives today, and a lot of argument essay topics can be dedicated to the various social networking platforms. Don't be scared to ask your teachers or professors how it ought to be done. The Meaning of Argumentative Essay Topics about Fields of Medicine Medical insurance plans need to be more affordable, particularly for retirees. Topics related to health provide a great selection of choice. You might have to conduct a thorough research and propose your own remedy to the present issue. The real way to solve the overpopulation problem isn't to do away with breeders. It's important to always offer a conventional definition of your subject in at the start of the definition essay, even if your definitions vary from the normal meaning. When you are finished with your essay, you must not merely check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. In high school and middle school, you aren't necessarily anticipated to compose large, serious argument essays. Argument essay writing is a troublesome and overwhelming procedure that may take a few days. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Writing argumentative essay is a complicated endeavor, as it requires the presence of many skills at the exact same time. Persuasive or argumentative essays are supposed to convince the audience of someone's viewpoint about a specific topic.

Tax Auditor Essay Sample free essay sample

The subject of the study is an geographic expedition of a calling option and a Tax Hearer at Canada Revenue Agency. The intents of this study are to non merely fix myself for the place by analyzing and larning but besides introduce a different field of work to co-workers All occupants in Canada must pay a revenue enhancement and Canada Revenue Agency ( CRA ) . officially known as Revenue Canada. is a federal bureau that has as its chief map the disposal of Canadian revenue enhancement Torahs for most of the states and districts of Canada. In add-on. the CRA manages several societal and economic revenue enhancement plans such as the Canada Child Tax Benefit plan and the Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Gross saless Tax ( GST/HST ) recognition plan. There are several sections in CRA and we will concentrate on the Audit place. Harmonizing to the Canada Revenue Agency. a revenue enhancement audit is the â€Å"examination of taxpayers’ books and record to find accurately the revenue enhancements. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Auditor Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page involvement and punishments collectible under the jurisprudence. † Besides Auditors are responsible for following with persons and corporations petitions excessively. Therefore. hearers are the one of the largest constituents of CRA. ( barrettaxlaw ) Included in this study are educational background and experience required. responsibilities and duties. working conditions. wage and benefits. calling promotion. and Auditor Apprenticeship Program ( AAP ) . The information for the study was gathered chiefly from Canada Revenue Agency and Alberta Occupational Profiles ( OOC ) web sites. Besides an interview was conducted for primary beginning with Ross who worked for CRA for 33 old ages as a Tax Auditor. Your Future Stars HereThe inside informations of the Audit place at CRA will be explored. There are seven of import parts which must be recognized and be to the full cognizant of. Below are the lists of seven of import countries. 1. Educational Background and Experience required 1. 1. Requirements ( Blair )†¢Eligibility for recognized professional accounting appellation ( CGA. CMA. CA ) or †¢Graduation with a grades from a recognized post-secondary establishment with an acceptable specialisation in accounting 1. 2. Skills ( Alberta larning information serivce. 1995 ) †¢Good bid of the English linguistic communication†¢Professional written and unwritten communicating accomplishments†¢Logical analysis ability†¢Good questioning accomplishments with taxpayers. comptrollers and attorneies 1. 3. Experience ( Canada Revenue Agency )†¢Recent and important experience in any of the undermentioned countries above 12 months within the last 5years ?Accounting?Auditing entities to guarantee conformity with Federal or Provincial statute law ?Auditing of corporations or other similar entities to guarantee conformity with internal policies. processs. or guidelines ?Preparing corporate and single Income Tax/GST returns ?Interpreting and understanding the Income Tax Act or the Excise Tax Act. 2. Duties and Duties2. 1. Main Duties A ; Duties†¢Conducting audits of taxpayers’ returns. books. records. taxpayer petitions. and back uping paperss to corroborate and implement conformity with the legislative acts administered by the CRA ( Christine Kim ) †¢having equal confirmation processs for all the Fieldss in a revenue enhancement return. †¢Ranking revenue enhancement returns for confirmation harmonizing to hazard †¢Capturing complete and accurate consequences of its confirmations †¢Making sensible usage of information faux pass that the jurisprudence requires 3rd parties to subject to the Agency ( General. . 2005 ) 2. 2. Legal Duties†¢All information received from an single taxpayers. corporation or trust is confidential †¢Requesting information merely of the hearer has a â€Å"need to know† that information to finish his/her audit ( Ross. 2012 ) 3. Working Environment ( Blair )†¢Overtime required at twelvemonth terminal or to run into project deadlines †¢Travel required across the metropolis or state†¢The codification of Ethical motives and Conduct designed usher and support staff in work 4. Salary and Benefits4. 1. SalarySeven degrees are positioned at scrutinizing and different rate of wage is set up. AU – AuditingAnnual Ratess of Pay ( in dollars )Effective day of the month: Dec. 2011 Table 1: Wage Ratess ( Canada Revenue Agency )4. 2. Benefits ( Canada Revenue Agency )†¢A bundle of group benefits which include wellness. alveolar consonant. and disablement insurance programs †¢Benefits after retirement?Entitled in the signifier of a Monthly pension?Continue the Public Service Health Care Plan ( PSHCP )?Keep the group benefits†¢Continuous Learning?For employees who want to upgrade or get new cognition and accomplishments related to career ends and departmental precedences. the Educational Aid Policy is available 5. Career AdvancementTonss of chances are available within the revenue enhancement sections after obtaining the cognition of revenue enhancement and experiences. As the scope of salary searched. there are seven degrees in Auditing places and each has two to eight stairss to be promoted. We besides work on different subdivisions such as oil and gas. little concern and husbandmans. and particular probes sing revenue enhancement fraud and turning away. There are formal preparation and development plans including the Internal Recruitment Apprenticeship Program and Middle Management Development Program. ( Canada Revenue Agency ) Besides there are many recruitment proposals and high demand for Hearers from big accounting houses. ( Ross. 2012 ) 6. Auditor Apprenticeship ProgramCRA provides ‘Student and Graduate Hiring’ system which is portion of an external enlisting. One of the plans is AAP. Auditor Apprenticeship Program. This plan is for full-time or portion clip college and university pupils in their concluding twelvemonth of a sheepskin or degree plan from recognized establishment in accounting. finance. concern disposal. commercialism or similar forte relevant to an auditing place. No anterior experience in accounting or auditing is necessary. In order to be eligible for this plan. you must finish three classs at least ; ?Introductory Accounting?Intermediate Accounting I?Intermediate Accounting II Once you are hired. you will ;?Perform audits on a assortment of little owner-operated concerns ?Get developing plan such as statute law. audit techniques. and computing machine applications ?Network with other Apprentices?Participate over a 12 month period Apprentices will be appointed at the SP-4 group and degree with a get downing wage of $ 49. 015 during of the plan. Upon successful completion of the plan. learners will so be appointed to an SP-05 Tax Auditor place. in which the expected wage is presently $ 53. 053. Besides future developmental chances may take to more advanced fortes in audit. ( Canada Revenue Agency ) Decision Harmonizing to Ross who was interview reference. you need to command of professional unwritten and written communicating accomplishments in English and should obtain one of the accounting appellations such as CGA. CMA or CA to go an Hearer at CRA. ( Ross. 2012 ) All information received is confidential therefore Hearers can merely entree the information when it is needed to cognize and taking any information out is non allowed. Travel across Canada is required and overtime work will be asked during busy season. Fairness and equality is what we can utilize to specify CRA. A conformity organisation doing certain people pay their just portion of part for the economic well-being our state. ( Yadav. 2010 ) Therefore Strong moralss and behaviors are designed to Hearers. Besides one twelvemonth experience in accounting field is required. CRA offers employment chances to pupils in the concluding twelvemonth of their degree plan. Through the AAP plan pupils will hold a opportunity to execute audits. acquire developing about statute law and computing machine applications. Upon completion of the AAP plan. pupils who want to work at CRA after graduation will be qualified for the Audit place. and able to carry through the occupation at CRA with chances of promotion. Once experience accumulated. you will hold a alteration to acquire up to $ 120. 577. 00 in wage with benefits such as retirement pension. Even though there are challenges in the occupation while working at CRA because you must work with many different personalities and understand the workings of many different types of concerns. there was satisfaction helping different people to understand the Income Tax Act and the application of its commissariats.

Bucket List Project Essays - Bucket List, Bucket, Lexus, Technology

Bucket List Project Bucket List Project Your Task Using PowerPoint, you will create a 10-slide presentation to share with the class Bucket List Project Your presentation must list 10 things that are on your Bucket List a.k.a things you want to do before you die. Bucket List Project Think about places you want to travel to, skills you want to accomplish, people you want to meet, things you want to do, etc. Bucket List Project Each slide should include the following: 1 item on your Bucket List At least 1 picture An explanation of WHY this item is on your Bucket List Bucket List Project This Friday we will share these with each other. Here is an example Bucket List #1: Own a Gold Lexus RX 350 #1: Own a Gold Lexus RX 350 When I was in high school my oldest brother, Mark, was married and had a Lexus. I loved it and wanted one. I always told myself that no matter what job I had in the future, I would make sacrifices in other areas so that I could drive a Lexus. Bucket List #2: Take my kids Parasailing #2: Take my kids Parasailing In high school and college, I always wanted to go skydiving before I died. After I got married and had kids, I never wanted to skydive anymore. I changed my wish from skydiving to parasailing. I went skydiving with my kiddos when they were 8 and 9 years old. Bucket List #3: Have my house paid off before I retire #3: Have my house paid off before I retire Most people pay a mortgage on their house for years, and still owe on it when they retire, even when they die. I want to put enough money aside to pay off my house before I retire. #4: Vacation in Hawaii #4: Vacation in Hawaii As a kid in Cincinnati, Ohio, I grew up vowing I would move to Florida when I became an adult. I wanted to live in the Sunshine State and be warm. Now I live here. I wanted to just visit the paradise state of Hawaii, but do not wish to live there. #5: See Sam Smith Live in Concert #5: See Sam Smith Live in Concert Some concerts I have seen include Dave Matthews, Billy Joel, Carrie Underwood, and John Mayer. The best was John Mayer. I think Sam Smith will be even better 6: Go on a Caribbean Cruise 6: Go on a Caribbean Cruise My friends know I just like to relax and enjoy life, so they suggested I would love a cruise ship. Juggling the soccer ball, reading books, and soaking up the sun are my top priority on the cruise ship. # 7: Run a marathon in the mountains # 7: Run a marathon in the mountains I figure if Im going to be running 26.2 miles for a few hours, I might as well have amazing scenery along the way 8: Change the Lives of Students For the Better 8: Change the Lives of Students For the Better I truly hope to inspire students to think for themselves, think critically, think freely, and to make this world a better place in some way. 9: Change the Lives of Complete Strangers 9: Change the Lives of Complete Strangers How would you do it?

Converting Fahrenheit to Kelvin

Converting Fahrenheit to Kelvin This example problem illustrates the method to convert Fahrenheit to Kelvin. Fahrenheit and Kelvin are two important temperature scales. The Fahrenheit scale is used primarily in the United States, while the Kelvin scale is used in some areas of science. Aside from homework questions, the most common times you might need to convert between Kelvin and Fahrenheit would be working with equipment using the different scales or when trying to plug a Fahrenheit value into a Kelvin-based formula. The zero point of the Kelvin scale is  absolute zero, which is the point at which its not possible to remove any additional heat. The zero point of the Fahrenheit scale is the lowest temperature Daniel Fahrenheit could attain in his lab (using a mixture of ice, salt, and water). Because the zero point of the Fahrenheit scale and degree size are both somewhat arbitrary, the Kelvin to Fahrenheit conversion requires a tiny bit of math. For many people, its easier to first convert Fahrenheit to Celsius  and then Celsius to Kelvin because these formulas are often memorized. Heres an example: Fahrenheit To Kelvin Conversion Problem A healthy person has a body temperature of 98.6  °F. What is this temperature in Kelvin?Solution: First, convert Fahrenheit to Celsius. The formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius isTC 5/9(TF - 32) Where TC is temperature in Celsius and TF is temperature in Fahrenheit.TC 5/9(98.6 - 32)TC 5/9(66.6)TC 37  °CNext, convert  °C to K:The formula to convert  °C to K is:TK TC 273orTK TC 273.15 Which formula you use depends on how many significant figures you are working with in the conversion problem. Its more accurate to say the difference between Kelvin and Celsius is 273.15, but most of the time, just using 273 is good enough.TK 37 273TK 310 K Answer:The temperature in Kelvin of a healthy person is 310 K. Fahrenheit To Kelvin Conversion Formula Of course, there is a formula you can use to convert directly from Fahrenheit to Kelvin: K 5/9 ( ° F - 32) 273 where K is temperature in Kelvin and F is temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. If you plug in body temperature in Fahrenheit, you can solve the conversion to Kelvin directly: K 5/9 (98.6 - 32) 273K 5/9 (66.6) 273K 37 273K 310 The other version of the Fahrenheit to Kelvin conversion formula is: K ( °F  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 32) à · 1.8 273.15 Here, dividing (Fahrenheit - 32) by 1.8 is the same as if you multiplied it by 5/9. You should use whichever formula makes you more comfortable, as they give the same result. No Degree in the Kelvin Scale When you are converting or reporting a temperature in the Kelvin scale, its important to remember this scale does not have a degree. You do use degrees in Celsius and Fahrenheit. The reason theres no degree in Kelvin is because its an absolute temperature scale.

Costume designing for the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Costume designing for the media - Essay Example Unlike other fashion and costume designers, in most instances those who work within the media industry are not able to work totally in isolation with their own ideas, they cannot just work within their own imagination. There will also be a requirement for the finished costumes produced to have paid regard to the input from a number of other department and individuals within the particular Film, TV and Theatre project. Film, Television and Theatre production companies and organisations consider costume design to be an integral and important part of the process of production. However, each of these individual media elements will impose a different approach and requirement upon the designer. However, as is the case with an actor's poor performance, costume design and construction that falls short of the standard and quality demanded will also have the affect of devaluing the final production. The hypothesis for this particular research to identify the specific issues that face costumer designers, both in the UK and the USA, when they are involved with design work for Film, Television and Stage. ... tume design, including what the term means, adding to definitions from a number of sources, including The Royal National Theatre (2006), the Designers guild factsheet (2006) and other articles (2006). Secondly, the paper will explain the intricate process of costume design with particular reference to the three entertainment medias outlined previously. This will cover the process from original drawings, (Huaixiang 2004), management and supervision of the designs, through to the making of the finished product. An integral part of this process contains a study of how the designer's work needs to interact with the original script, continuity issues relating to the actors make-up and hair styling, and the communication needed with all the other stakeholders attached to the project. A further element of this aim is to consider the ethical image the finished costumes should convey to the audiences. Our final aim is to study and identify the different issues and requirements demanded of the designer when working for the Stage and Theatre, as compared with those existing in the Film and Television mediums. Within all of these aims our purpose is also to identify this sector of the industry and its performance in the U.K. as well as the U.S.A. The specific objectives for the outcome of this paper can be identified in three distinct statements. 1) To provide a greater understanding of the intricate and varied processes of costume designing as it is performed within the entertainment mediums, as distinct from the general design industry 2) To identify the issues that impact upon costume designing in these industries, and show how the process itself forms an integrated part of the overall production package. 3) Analyse and explain the key differences that exist between

Land Use in Pinchot Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Land Use in Pinchot - Lab Report Example resulted in a decrease in the population of the predator/prey ecosystem while the 50% and 75% fragmentation created a more distorted distribution of the species. This shows that the hypothesis should be accepted. It was observed that increasing fragmentation is directly proportional to the increase in abundance of the Spiny Firegrass (SFG) and Elk population. The wolf and bluebunch wheatflower (BBWF) population remained constant at 0% and 25% fragmentation and drastically dropped at 50% and 75% fragmentation. The addition of the BBWF, elk and wolf created a more balanced ecosystem in the 0%, 25% and 50% fragmentation as affected by the hierarchy of the species in the trophic level (Moorecroft, n.d.). The increasing fragmentation caused the increase in the abundance of the SFG because of the increased amount of direct sunlight brought about by deforestation. The habitat has become more favorable for the SFG, while unfavorable for the wolf and BBWF which take shelter and protection from the forest. Lindsey (2007) emphasized that deforestation directly makes the species depending on the forests vulnerable; and in this case, it will be the wolves and BBWF. The wolves can be considered the keystone species in the Pinchot ecosystem because the results obtained from the 75% fragmentation created a trophic cascade because there was a very small number of the higher level predator that will be able to control the number of the elks in the ecosystem (Moorecroft, n.d.). The observations gathered shows that the ecosystem is a top-down control of population dynamics. Deforestation and urban sprawl has a direct impact on the food web because these two activities endanger the higher level predator, causing a trophic cascade in the ecosystem (Moorecroft, n.d.). Deforestation provides a better habitat for the proliferation of SFG, and urban sprawl drives away the wolves that live in the woods, causing the increase in the elk population, and consequently depleting the

Importance f Pronunciation

Importance f Pronunciation According to the Oxford Dictionary pronounce is defined as make the sound of (a word or part of a word) in the correct or a particular way. The way in which a word is pronounced is known as pronunciation. Pronunciation can be defined as a way in which a language is spoken, especially the way in which it is generally accepted or understood. Pronunciation means production and utterance of sounds of a language. English pronunciation has various components such as sounds, stress, and variation in pitch, and the learner needs to understand the function of these as well as their form, (Kenworthy, 1987). Once the learners are aware that English words have a stress pattern, that words can be pronounced in slightly different ways, that the pitch of the voice can be used to convey meaning then they will know, that to pay attention to can build upon this basic awareness, (Kenworthy, 1987: 27). Sounds are the part of a code in a language. These particular sounds make a language. Due to this code we can distinguish between different sounds and different languages. In this sense pronunciation can be defined as production and reception of sounds of speech. According to Dalton, et al. (1994), language is a speech act. Its code joins hands with other factors to make sense of communication. In this study researcher has tried to explore the pronunciation of diphthongs with special reference to the physical features of diphthongs that is of prominence to the English language learners. Since all second language learners belong to one or other group of language, their pronunciation of second language is very different of their origin. The teaching of a foreign language always deals with changing of learners pronunciation as learners find it difficult to pronounce the diphthongs. The pronunciation of one person depicts his geographical identity; hence a persons pronunciation reveals his complete personality including origin and his social background. The pitch of the voice, the speed and the utterance all indicate the background and the linguistic knowledge of that person. It is an acknowledged fact that the speaker of the second language utters the sounds through the basic knowledge that he has built up in his mother tongue. It is through the pronunciation that we distinguish between American, British and Cambridge speakers. Although all these use a Standard English accent yet they are different from one another in terms of their accent and pronunciation. Therefore what is needed and what we are concerned within Pakistan is the achievement of a comfortably intelligibility. It is very important for second language learners to pronounce correctly and follow a particular accent. There is a need to train the second language learners to pronounce the phonemes correctly. In teaching correct pronunciation we shall be able to draw inferences to determine and overcome the factors that hinder our speech. Joanne Kenworthy (1987) states, Learner needs to develop concern for pronunciation. They must recognize that poor unintelligible speech will make their attempts at conversing frustration and unpleasant both for themselves and for their listeners. Vocal cords become hardened by speaking the native language. It needs proper training to speak the second language as the learners grew older. Unfortunately despite it being a language of teaching, English is very seldom used as a medium of speech in our day-to-day transaction. Despite that teachers do not know how to produce acceptable sounds hence learners also speak what they hear. Therefore we need to concentrate our efforts in teaching an acceptable pronunciation to our learners who ultimately might seek admission in the English speaking countries. Attitude and motivation shall intermittently guide the learner to produce the sounds, which are acceptable to the native Learners. That is why the teachers of English Language must have the knowledge of phonetics of English and they should know different techniques to teach pronunciation so that the learners pronunciation would be nearer to the Received Pronunciation and also having characteristics of a distinctive Pakistani pronuncia tion of English. Certainly this is an uphill task. Since Urdu is the mother-tongue, the learners are in the habit of using Urdu sounds. The sounds of Urdu and English are certainly different from each other. The Pakistani speakers mix up the sounds of English with that of Urdu sounds and try to shape their speech organs according to sounds of Urdu while pronouncing English. The teacher of English language in Pakistan needs to build a uniform system of speech, which should be closely and implicitly nearer to the Received Pronunciation. Ur (2000) explained the following pronunciation errors: A particular sound may not exist in the mother tongue, so that the learner is not used to forming it and therefore tends to substitute the nearest equivalent he or she knows. A sound does exist in the mother tongue, but not as a separate phoneme: that is to say, the learner does not perceive it as a distinct sound that makes a difference to meaning. International Phonetic Association On the international scene, after 1950s, when new superpowers emerged the problem of pronunciation came to surface. There was no standard variety of English. Australia and New Zealand were fully colonized so the problem of accent also increased. In 1886, in Paris, a small group of language teachers formed an association to encourage the use of phonetic notation in schools to help children acquire realistic pronunciations of foreign languages and to have a common accent. But this was not an easy task since English-speaking people themselves were spread in Europe, America and Australia, not to speak of the persons using English language in thickly populated countries of Asia and the British colonies in Africa. This naturally diversified and proliferated the problems with regard to the IPA since each local language has its own ways of articulation which are hardened with the passage of time and therefore make it doubly difficult for the second language learner to imitate successfully th e accent of native speakers. This and such lie problems further accentuated the problems and pitfalls in pronunciation more so in the area of diphthongs. For this difficulty, language teachers should know how to use IPA symbols and how to teach English language by using IPA symbols. Teachers should help students to become aware of the correct pronunciation. If IPA symbols are introduced to the English language learners at the beginners level, they would not have the pronunciation problem as much as they have. Phonetic transcription It is a noticeable difficulty in pronunciation that there are many letters and combination of letters which produce numerous sounds at different places. According to Hornby (1978) the students of English are aware of the problems created by the English alphabet, unlike the oriental languages where each alphabetical letter stands for a distinctive sound, not all the English alphabets represent the phonetic sounds. For example letter c sometimes gives the sound of s as in ceiling while on the other occasion it stands for the sound of k as in class. ch gives three sounds, sound of ch as in chain, sometimes it gives sound of k as in choir and sometimes it gives sound of sh as in chef. Sometimes we combine two letters to form a new sound as th in thin gives the sound of th o ;while in the word then it gives a new sound of d. The sound sha is obtained by joining sh as in she and the sound cha is formed by combining ch as in chin. Therefore the phonetic transcription is of utmost importance . The experts in English language all agree on International System on Phonetic Alphabet IPA which assigns each English sound a special symbol. Phonetic transcription is usually given in brackets, like this. Stage /steidz/ Ich dien /ixdi:n/ Bulge /b^ldz/ Special attention shall therefore be paid to provide correct forms of transcriptions. Diphthongs Diphthongs are regarded as a sequence of two vowels within the nucleus (Bernhardt Stemberger 1998). Bernhardt 1992 suggested that diphthongs have two Root nodes. Writing on diphthongs Roach, P. (1983), goes on to say that diphthong in the BBC pronunciation are the sounds which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel sound to another. The most common mistake in pronunciation that is visible in the speech of learners of English is the production of pure vowels where a diphthong should be pronounced. Roach (1983) further writes that in terms of length, diphthongs are like the long vowels. In diphthongs the first part is much long and stronger than the second part. A common example of a diphthong is formed in ai (as in bite) where we noticed that the vowel a is uttered loudly and a glide from ai to i results in a decreased loudness. Foreign learners must remember that the last part of the English diphthong must not be uttered too strongly. According to Roach (1983) there are eight diphthongs which we divided in three groups as shown in the following diagram. Tree diagram Roach, (1983) P 21-23 http://www.tuninst.net/Eng-phon/Eng-diphth/PIX/eight-diphthongs.gif There are several varieties of diphthong: wide and narrow; closing and opening; centering; falling and rising. A wide diphthong has a marked change in quality: in RP, the vowels in high, how, which move from open to close. A narrow diphthong has less movement: in RP, the vowel of day, which moves from half-close to close. The vowels of weave, groove are narrow diphthongs, because they move slightly within the close vowel area, but this movement is usually disregarded and they are treated as monophthongs. A closing diphthong ends closer than it begins, while an opening diphthong ends more open than it begins. The diphthongs of English tend to be of the closing type: in RP, say, sigh, soy, so, sow. A centering diphthong moves towards schwa: in RP, here, there. A falling diphthong is stressed on the first element, and a rising diphthong is stressed on the second. The diphthongs of English tend to be of the falling type, with the exception of the vowel sound in view, which can be interpr eted as rising. Eight diphthongs in English Connor (1967) says, Vowels are made by voiced air passing through different mouth shapes; the difference in the shape of the mouth are caused by different positions of the tongue and of the lips. He further says that, English speakers vary quite a lot in their vowel sounds i: sound used by an Australian, an American and a Scottish are all different, but they are all recognized quite easily. English language does surely have many vowels, the sounds of which are not very much different from those of the Urdu vowels. The following chart explains our argument. According to Connor (1967), all the English diphthongs are divided in three groups. Their respective positions are File:RP English diphthongs chart.svg THE first three diphthongs ph16.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph17.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph18.gifhave the neutral shwa vowel sound http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph07.gif, which occurs in grunting noises and the weak forms of the and a, as the FINISHING POSITION. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph16.gif as in beer (the drink), pier, hear. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph01.gif as in if or pit with tongue front and high and lips relaxed. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph17.gif as in bear (the animal), pair and hair. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph02.gif as in egg or bed with tongue in mid position at front of mouth. To make the diphthong, using a small controlled movement, pull your tongue slightly back from mid front to the mid central position in your mouth. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph18.gif as in tour, poor, and moor. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph06.gif with tongue pulled back but small mouth aperture as in hook, book or look. To make the diphthong, this time the small controlled tongue movement goes from the back position to the mid central position, losing the lip rounding and relaxing your mouth from the tight starting position. 2. THE next three diphthongshttp://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph13.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph14.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph15.gif have the vowel sound http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph01.gifin pit or if as the FINISHING POSITION. To make this sound, the tongue has to be high and towards the front of the mouth and the lips kept relaxed. a. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph13.gif as in day, pay, say, lay. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph02.gif with tongue in mid position at front of mouth as in egg, bed or Ted. Therefore the tongue is moved up to make the diphthong. b. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph14.gif as in sky, buy, cry, tie. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph03.gif, the same sound as in cat. To make the diphthong there is a need of big jaw movement, moving the tongue from front open to and front close. c. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph15.gifas in boy, toy, coy . The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph10.gif, the sound in door or or. The tongue needs to be low, but there is a need to pull it back and make the mouth round. To make the diphthong, relax the lip rounding and move the tongue forward and up. 3. The last two diphthongs http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph19.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph20.gif have the back vowel http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph06.gif(tongue pulled back but small tight mouth aperture as in hook, book or look) as the FINISHING POSITION. a. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph19.gif as in oh, no, so or phone. The starting position is the neutral vowel sound, also known as shwa http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph07.gif, which sounds like a grunt, as in the weak form of the or a. To start in this way, the tongue should be fixed in mid central position in the mouth with lips relaxed. To make the diphthong, it is a short controlled movement in the opposite direction from the centre to the back moving the relaxed lips into a tighter small round aperture. The cheeks should move in a bit. b. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph20.gif as in all the words of How now brown cow!. The starting position is the vowel sound http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph03.gifas in at bad or rat with tongue front but also low (i.e. mouth open). To make the diphthong the journey for the tongue from front low (mouth very open) to back high (small tight mouth aperture) is a very long excursion. The jaw will move a lot too. Importance of diphthongs As diphthongs are vowels the main difficulty lay in the production and adjustment of the vowel length with special emphasis on diphthongs. The learners and the teaching community both belong to the same social class; they produce and commit uniform and similar mistakes in uttering diphthongal sounds. Both English and Urdu languages have diphthongs, whereas English vowels have different articulations system, nearly all the Urdu vowels are lax and unstressed. It is here that we notice the main difficulty for the Urdu speaking learners to understand and produce the exact phonetic realization of the English phonemes. As Urdu does not have the vowels that English has so it is very difficult for the Pakistani learners of English to articulate English diphthongs. When they pronounce English diphthongs they articulate it the way they use their speech organs in the articulation of Urdu diphthongs. Hence, the pronunciation of diphthongs is almost incorrect. The listeners find it difficult to c omprehend this incorrect pronunciation of diphthongs and hence the meaning is hampered. Along with various other considerations our main attention was therefore focused on diphthongs the main consideration was to evolve and try to bring about a Pakistani way and style of pronunciation, which is properly proliferated in the country, shall be universally accepted and understood.